An ear infection can occur in either the middle ear (known as acute otitis media) or the outer ear (otitis externa). These infections are very common and can affect people of all ages, although they are more frequently seen in children.

In many cases, ear infections resolve on their own within a few days without the need for treatment. However, if symptoms are severe or infections occur repeatedly, antibiotics may be necessary to prevent complications, including potential long-term damage to the ear and hearing loss.

Ear infections are commonly caused by water becoming trapped in the ear, creating a warm, moist environment where bacteria can grow. This often leads to an outer ear infection, also known as swimmer’s ear, which affects the ear canal.

Middle ear infections typically occur when a bacterial or viral infection spreads to the ear, causing inflammation. As the body responds, swelling and fluid build-up can block the ear’s drainage pathways, leading to pressure and pain.

Inner ear infections can develop in a similar way, usually when a viral or bacterial infection spreads through the sinus system that connects the ears, nose, and throat.

Most symptoms of ear infections start very quickly and clear up, without treatment, within 3 - 7 days. The most common symptoms include:

• Pain inside the ear
• A high temperature of 38C or above
• Nausea and vomiting
• Lethargy
• Difficulty hearing
• Discharge from the ear
• A build-up of pressure inside the ear
• Itching in and around the ear
• Dry, scaly skin in and around the ear

Ear infections are usually diagnosed quickly by a doctor based on your symptoms and medical history.

During the assessment, the doctor will examine the ears, throat, and nasal passages, and may check your or your child’s temperature to identify signs of infection.

If you or your child experience ear infections frequently, you may become familiar with the early symptoms and recognise when one is starting to develop.